Umuvuduko wo Kwishyuza EV: Bifata igihe kingana iki kugirango wishyure ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi?

Guhindura mumodoka ikoreshwa na gaze mumodoka ya batiri-amashanyarazi ninzibacyuho ikomeye kubashoferi bamara igihe, bisaba ibiganiro byuzuye. Ihinduka ririmo kwiga amagambo mashya no guteza imbere ingeso nshya zo gutwara, cyane cyane ziterwa nibintu bitandukanye n'amasoko y'amashanyarazi. Bitandukanye n’imodoka gakondo, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi biza bifite imikorere idasanzwe nko gufata feri nshya, gutwara pedal imwe, nuburyo butandukanye bwo kwishyuza. Abatwara ibinyabiziga bagomba kumenyera itandukaniro kugirango barebe neza uburambe bwo gutwara. Gusobanukirwa nubuhanga bwo gucunga bateri, kwishyuza ibikorwa remezo, no gukoresha ingufu ningirakamaro mugukoresha inyungu nibikorwa byimodoka zamashanyarazi.

Usibye ibintu bidukikije (nkuko byavuzwe mumasezerano y'i Paris), abaterankunga ba EV kubushobozi bwayo bwo kwishyurwa murugo aho kugirango batware imodoka yabugenewe. Nyamara, kwishyuza EV ntabwo byoroshye nko gukanda pompe ya gaze kuri tank yuzuye, bifata iminota itarenze 5. Kwishyuza imodoka yawe yamashanyarazi kuva ubusa kugeza byuzuye birashobora gufata amasaha. Ibi bikomeje kuba inzitizi nini kubakekeranya ba EV. Ibi kandi bifitanye isano n "" impungenge zurwego ", arubwoba bwo kutagira intera ihagije kugirango igere aho ujya.

Umaze gutwara EV, ingeso zawe zo gutwara zizenguruka urwego, ubushobozi bwa bateri, n'umuvuduko wo kwishyuza. Wibuke, hafi buri kintu cyose nibikoresho biterwa na bateri ya EV. Mugihe nta nganda ngenderwaho mu gupima umuvuduko wo kwishyuza, kugira igitekerezo kitoroshye cyigihe byatwara kugirango wishyure byuzuye imodoka yamashanyarazi birashobora kugufasha gutsinda amaganya no guteza imbere gahunda yo gutwara neza.

Ubwoko bwa Imashanyarazi ya EV hamwe nihuta ryayo

Kenshi na kenshi, ubwoko bwibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi (EVSE), bakunze kwita amashanyarazi ya EV, byerekana uburyo ushobora kwihutisha kwishyuza bateri yimodoka yawe yamashanyarazi. Hariho ibyiciro bitatu byo kwishyuza EV: Urwego 1, Urwego 2, na DC byihuse byihuse, buri kimwe gifite ubwoko butandukanye bwamacomeka, ibisabwa byingufu, numuvuduko wo kwishyuza.

Urwego rwa 1 (Inzu isanzwe yo mu rugo)

Urwego 1 EV charger nizo ziza kubuntu hamwe na EV yawe - nibyo niba uwagukoreye cyangwa umucuruzi wawe agitanga kimwe. Bamwe mu bakora imodoka nka Tesla bahagaritse guha charger zishimwe kubakiriya babo. Byitwa kandi charle yamashanyarazi kubera umuvuduko wogutinda kwayo, ibi birashobora gutanga gusa hagati ya 1.3 kWt na 2,4 kWt, cyangwa hafi kilometero 3 zintera kumasaha yo kwishyuza. Ikintu cyiza kijyanye na charger zo murwego rwa 1 zirashobora gucomeka mubisanzwe 120-volt ya NEMA 5-15. Ariko, ibi kandi bigabanya ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwishyuza.

Niba utwaye ibirometero 40 kumunsi, charger yo murwego rwa 1 irashobora kuba ihagije kugirango wuzuze ijoro ryose. Bitabaye ibyo, ushobora gukenera EVSE ikomeye.

Urwego rwa 2 (240-Volt Urugo hamwe nubushakashatsi rusange)

Urwego rwa 2 chargeri ya EV nuburyo bwo hagati hagati yumuvuduko wo kwishyuza rusange nuburyo bworoshye bwo kwishyuza urugo. Ibi biza muburyo bubiri: gucomeka cyangwa gukomera. Byinshi nka charger yo murwego rwa 1, charger yo murwego rwa 2 irashobora kwinjizwa mumasoko asanzwe yo murugo (NEMA 14-50, kimwe ukoresha mubikoresho binini). Barashobora gutanga hagati ya 3 kWt na 9,6 kWt yingufu, bivuze ko ibirometero bigera kuri 36 byongeweho kumasaha.

Niba ushaka kwishyurwa byihuse murugo, urashobora guhitamo charger zo murwego rwa 2 aho. Ariko, urashobora gukenera kuzamura sisitemu y'amashanyarazi iriho kugirango ubone umutwaro winyongera. Amashanyarazi ya Hardwired afite igipimo kinini cyo kwishyurwa kingana na 19.2 kW muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika hamwe na 22 kWt mu Burayi, bivuze ko bigera kuri kilometero 75 z'isaha. Ibi birashobora kuba byubatswe kurukuta cyangwa bigashyirwa kumurongo.

DC Kwishyuza Byihuse

Amashanyarazi ya DC yihuta nubushakashatsi bwihuta kandi bukomeye cyane, ariko birarenze gutandukana aho gukenera abashoferi benshi. Aho gushushanya ingufu za AC no kureka amashanyarazi ya bombo ya EV akayihindura ingufu za DC, amashanyarazi ya DC atanga amashanyarazi ataziguye kuri bateri yikinyabiziga, byihutisha cyane uburyo bwo kwishyuza. Kimwe na pompe yawe isanzwe, charger ya DC yashyizwe muri sitasiyo zabugenewe aho abashoferi bashobora gukurura byihuse. Gutwara ibinyabiziga birashoboka kuva amashanyarazi ya DC ashobora gutanga kugeza kuri kilowati 350, bivuze ibirometero 240 byurugero rwisaha cyangwa irenga. Izi zirashobora gufata imodoka yumuriro wa batiri yuzuye kuva 0-80% muminota 30! Kubindi bisobanuro kuriyi ngingo reba ingingo yacu kuri AC vs DC Kwishyuza.

Nyamara, abahanga batanga igitekerezo cyo gukoresha charger yihuta gusa mugihe bikenewe kuko kwishyurwa byihuse bifitanye isano no kwangirika kwa batiri. Nkuko charger ikoresha imbaraga nyinshi, nayo itanga ubushyuhe bwinshi, bushobora kugira ingaruka kubuzima bwa bateri mugihe kirekire.

Ibintu bigira ingaruka kumuvuduko wo kwishyuza

Usibye urwego rwo kwishyuza, ibindi bintu bishobora kugira ingaruka kumuvuduko wo kwishyuza, harimo nubushobozi bwibidukikije bwo hanze bwibidukikije, nuburyo bateri irimo ubusa.

Ingano ya Bateri hamwe nicyitegererezo cyibinyabiziga

Bateri nini izatwara igihe kinini kugirango yishyure, niyo ukoresha charger yihuta iboneka. Kurugero, imodoka isanzwe yamashanyarazi 60kWh yatwara amasaha 8 kugirango yishyure kuva ubusa kugeza yuzuye ukoresheje 7.4kW Urwego rwa 2. Hagati aho, kwishyuza bateri 80kWh ukoresheje charger imwe byatwara amasaha 10-12.

Ingano ya bateri kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi iratandukanye bitewe nurugero. Kurugero, Tesla Model S 2019 itanga ibyiciro bitatu: Urwego rusanzwe, Urwego rurerure, hamwe nibikorwa. Standard Range ije ifite bateri ya 75kWh, bisaba amasaha 10 kugirango yishyure byuzuye ukoresheje charger ya 7.4kW. Ibinyuranye, Inzira ndende na Performance byombi biranga bateri 100kWh. Kwishyuza bateri nini hamwe na charger imwe ya 7.4kW bizatwara amasaha arenga 13 kugirango ugere kubushobozi bwuzuye. Uku guhindagurika mubunini bwa bateri nigihe cyo kwishyuza ningirakamaro kubashobora kuba abaguzi gutekereza mugihe bahisemo icyitegererezo cyimodoka yabo.

Amashanyarazi ya Batiri

Leta ishinzwe (SOC) irakubwira uburyo bateri yawe ya EV irimo ubusa cyangwa yuzuye. Ibi nibyingenzi mukumenya uburyo bwihuse cyangwa buhoro bateri ishobora kwishyurwa byuzuye. Bateri yegeranye-irimo ubusa izihuta kwishyuza mubyiciro byambere. Nkuko yegereye 100% cyangwa hafi ya 80%, kwishyuza bizagenda buhoro kugirango birinde bateri gushyuha. Niyo mpamvu ushobora kubona 20% isigaye ifata igihe kirenze 80% yambere, kimwe na terefone igendanwa.

EVs na terefone zombi zikoresha bateri ya lithium-ion isanzwe itinda inzira yo kwishyuza kugirango wirinde kwiyongera kandi bikwemeze ko na EV yawe ifite umutekano. Noneho, niba ugerageza kwishyuza imodoka yamashanyarazi kuva 80% kugeza yuzuye, iteganya ko bizatwara igihe.

Ubushyuhe

Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion yunvikana ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe. Ubushyuhe bukabije cyangwa imbeho birashobora kugira ingaruka kumikorere ya bateri no mumikorere ya charger. Mu mezi akonje, reaction yimiti imbere muri bateri ya li-ion itinda. Kurwanya ibi, EV zimwe zashizemo ubushyuhe bwa batiri kugirango ioni ya lithium "ishimishwe". Hagati aho, ubushyuhe bwiyongera mumezi ashyushye burashobora kurushaho kubatesha agaciro. Niyo mpanvu amashanyarazi ya EV atera imbaraga kugirango yirinde ubushyuhe bukabije, nabwo bukadindiza inzira yo kwishyuza. Soma byinshi mu kiganiro cyacu kivuga ku mikorere yimodoka zamashanyarazi mugihe cyubukonje.

Kwishyuza ibikoresho nibikorwa remezo

Nkuko byaganiriweho mu gice kibanziriza iki, ibikoresho byo kwishyuza ni kimwe mu bintu bikomeye bigira ingaruka ku muvuduko wo kwishyuza ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi no kuvanga imashini. Amashanyarazi yo mu rwego rwa 1 mubisanzwe afite igipimo ntarengwa cya 1,3 kW kugeza kuri 2,4 kWt. Niba ufite imodoka isanzwe ya 60kwh yamashanyarazi, byatwara ahantu hose hagati yamasaha 25 kugeza 45 kugirango yishyure byuzuye.

Amashanyarazi yo mu rwego rwa 2 arapimwe hagati ya 3 na 19.2 kWt, byatwara amasaha 3-20 kugirango yishyure bateri yimodoka ya 60kwh. Hagati aho, amashanyarazi yihuta ya DC afite igipimo ntarengwa cya 60kW kugeza 360kW. Sitasiyo ya 150kW yihuta irashobora kwishyuza byuzuye bateri imwe muminota 30. Nyamara, uyu muvuduko uzakomeza guterwa na sisitemu yo gucunga ibinyabiziga. Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri yimodoka ifatwa nkubwonko bwa EV kuko igena umuvuduko mwiza wo kwishyuza ugereranije nuburyo bwo kwishyuza.

Itandukaniro muri EV kwishyuza rihuza cyane bigira ingaruka kumasaha yo kwishyuza. Imashini nyinshi za EV muri Amerika ya ruguru zikoresha umuhuza wa J1772 mugukoresha AC hamwe na sisitemu yo kwishyuza (CCS) kugirango yishyure vuba. Nyamara, moderi zimwe, nka Nissan LEAF, koresha umuyapani wakozwe na CHAdeMO umuyapani kugirango yishyure DC. Tesla ikoresha umuhuza umwe - Supercharger - murwego rwose rwo kwishyuza. Vuba aha, abakora amamodoka akomeye nka Ford na GM batangaje ko bafite gahunda yo kwimukira muri sisitemu ya Tesla ya Supercharger ishingiye kuri Tesla, byerekana ko hahindutse inzira y’ibikorwa remezo byuzuzanya kandi bishobora gukora neza ku mashanyarazi.

Ibihe Byukuri-Kwishyuza Ibihe Byamamare ya Moderi

Hasi nimbonerahamwe irambuye ibirometero bingana kurisaha bimwe mubyamamare bya EV bishobora kubona bitewe nurwego rwo kwishyuza:

Kwishyuza Ibihe: Bizatwara igihe kingana iki?

Kwishyuza imodoka y'amashanyarazi murugo birashobora gutanga umusaruro utandukanye ugereranije no kwishyuza kuri sitasiyo rusange.

Kwishyuza Urugo Ijoro ryose (Urwego 1 & 2)

Urwego rwa 1 Kwishyuza (120-volt outlet):Nibyiza kubashoferi boroheje burimunsi, Urwego rwa 1 kwishyuza rutanga ibirometero 2-5 byurugero rwisaha. Ibi bivuze ko bishobora gufata amasaha 30+ kugirango yishyure byuzuye bateri nini, nibyiza rero kubashoferi bakora urugendo rw'ibirometero 40 kumunsi kandi bashobora gusiga imodoka yabo icomeka ijoro ryose.

Urwego rwa 2 Kwishyuza (240-volt outlet):Kubafite ingendo ndende cyangwa bashaka kwishyurwa byihuse, kwishyuza urwego 2 nigisubizo cyoroshye murugo. Mubisanzwe wongeyeho ibirometero 10-25 byurugero rwisaha, bigatuma EV nyinshi zishiramo ijoro ryose mumasaha 8-10. Kwinjiza charger yo murwego rwa 2 birashobora gusaba gusohoka 240-volt, akenshi bikenera kwishyiriraho umwuga.

Kwishyuza Byihuse Kumurongo Wumuhanda (DC Byihuse)

DC Kwishyuza Byihuse (Urwego 3):Iyo ufashe ingendo ndende, kwishyuza DC byihuse birashobora guhindura umukino, ukongeraho ibirometero 100-200 + muminota mike 15-30 bitewe na moderi ya EV hamwe nubushobozi bwa charger. Hamwe na sitasiyo zifite ingufu nyinshi nka Superchargers ya Tesla cyangwa amashanyarazi ya kilowati 350, urashobora gufata ikiruhuko gito kugirango wishyure kandi uhite usubira mumuhanda.

Igenamigambi ryo Kwishyuza:Kubera ko sitasiyo ya DC yihuta isanzwe iherereye mumihanda minini no mubice bizwi cyane, porogaramu zo gutegura inzira nka PlugShare na ChargePoint zirashobora gufasha kumenya sitasiyo zegeranye, kwerekana igihe nyacyo kiboneka, no kubara igihe cyo kwishyuza.

Ahantu ukorera hamwe no kwishyuza rusange

Urwego rwa 2 Kwishyuza Akazi:Ibigo byinshi bitanga abakozi bo murwego rwa 2 rwo kwishyuza abakozi, bakongeraho ibirometero bigera kuri 20-25 kurisaha. Kuri EV nyinshi, ibi birahagije kugirango ukore urugendo rwumunsi wose, bityo gucomeka ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi mugihe cyamasaha yakazi bitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kubungabunga bateri yumuriro udakeneye kwishyuza murugo.

Amafaranga yishyurwa rusange:Amashanyarazi yo mu rwego rwa 2 nayo akunze kuboneka mubigo byubucuruzi, siporo, amahoteri, hamwe na garage. Ibi bibanza bitanga umuvuduko muke wo kwishyuza, kuburyo namasaha abiri arashobora kongeramo intera ihagije yo gutwara ibinyabiziga cyangwa kukwegera hafi yuzuye mbere yo kwerekeza murugo.

Inama zo gukoresha neza igihe cyo kwishyuza

Kwishyuza Iyo Bateri iri hasi ariko idafite ubusa:Kumashanyarazi yihuse, mubisanzwe nibyiza kwishyurwa uhereye ku ijanisha rya batiri yo hasi, hafi 10-20%, kuko bateri yishyura vuba iyo irimo ubusa.

Irinde kwishyuza 100% Mubisanzwe:Kwishyuza ubushobozi bwuzuye biratinda kuko bigera kuri 20% yanyuma. Niba udakeneye amafaranga yuzuye, gerageza uhagarare hafi 80-90% kugirango ugabanye igihe cyo gutegereza no kurinda ubuzima bwa bateri.

Koresha Igenamiterere Igenzura:Mubihe bikabije, kubanziriza-bateri ya EV yawe (kuyishyushya cyangwa kuyikonjesha) irashobora kuzamura umuvuduko wumuriro. EV nyinshi ziragufasha gucunga igenamiterere ry'ubushyuhe ukoresheje porogaramu, cyane cyane mbere yo guhuza na charger yihuta.

Gahunda yo Kwishyuza Ihagarara imbere:Koresha porogaramu nka ChargePoint, PlugShare, cyangwa porogaramu kavukire ya EV kugirango umenye sitasiyo kandi wirinde amasaha yo hejuru. Igenamigambi rigufasha kugabanya igihe cyo gutegereza no kubona inzira ikora neza hamwe no guhagarara kwinshi.

Shora murugo Urwego 2 Rushinzwe (niba bishoboka):Niba utwaye urugendo rurerure burimunsi, charger yo murwego rwa 2 murugo irashobora gutakaza umwanya mugabanya kwishingikiriza kumashanyarazi rusange.